4G Mobile Network on The Moon!?: Reflection Section | Wānanga

Text title: The moon's getting a 4G mobile network

Text type: Article

Text creator: Anne Kauranen | Reuters       (Reporting by Anne Kauranen; Editing by Edmund Blair and Pravin Char)

Critical Literacy Question: What do the words suggest?

Date: 8th November 2021 

What do the words suggest?

The words in the article, 'The moon's getting a 4G mobile network', written by Reuters, suggest returning of humans, future settling and human settlements on the moon. 

For instance, in this article, NASA has selected Nokia to build the first cellular network on the moon. Nokia has said that the first wireless broadband communications system in space will be built on the lunar surface.

I believe that this mission will help simplify the communication errors between the astronauts and the control centre on Earth. 

Credits: https://newatlas.com/vodafone-nokia-moon-4g/53591/

Credits: https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/10/Testing_lunar_4G_operations
Copyright: Nokia

Brief:

Nokia has been selected by NASA to build the first cellular network on the moon, as stated by the Finnish company, as the U.S. space agency projects a future where humans establish lunar settlements. Nokia has claimed that the first wireless broadband communications system in space would be built on the lunar surface in late 2022 before humans make it there.

According to the company, the network will establish a 4G/LTE communications system on the moon, though the am would be to eventually switch to 5G. This would allow astronauts voice and video communications capabilities, and allow data exchange, as well as remote control of lunar rovers and other robotic devices. It will be designed to withstand extreme conditions of the launch of the lunar landing and to operate in space.

Adapted from: https://www.reuters.com/article/nokia-nasa-moon-idUSKBN2741JR

#SolarEclipse2020

Alamata, Ethopia #SolarEclipse2020
Credit: https://twitter.com/Landoforigins/status/1274567772471730176/photo/1

An annular solar eclipse occurred on, June 21, 2020. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon crosses the Earth and the Sun; thereby, partly or totally covering the image of the Sun for an observer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and making the Sun look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse looks like a particle eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

The eclipse went through central and northeast Africa, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, northern India, and southern China including Taiwan. But rather than totally blocking the sun, it would leave a "ring of fire" from the sun at the maximum point.

There was an event live stream for people who don't have the eclipse in their country. The eclipse started at 5:45 pm (NZDT).

The eclipse was seen in the northeast of the Republic of Congo at 5:56 am (local time), 4:56 am (GMT), just a few minutes after sunrise.

That was the point of maximum duration, with the blackout lasting 1 minute and 22 seconds.

Going more east across Asia and Africa will reach it's "maximum eclipse", which a perfect solar halo around the Moon, over Uttarakhand, India near the Sino-Indian border at 12:10 local time (6:40 GMT). The alignment of the Earth, Moon and Sun was visible only for 38 seconds. 

For Oman and India, it was the second annular eclipse 6 months after the 26 December 2019 eclipse.

Florent Delefie, an astronomer and the Paris Observatory told AFP, "The annular eclipse is visible from about two percent of Earth surface"

He added, "It's a bit like switching from a 500-watt to a 30-watt light bulb. It's a cold light, and you don't see as well."

Animation of the solar eclipse
Attribution: NASA / Public Domain
Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SE2020Jun21A.gif

Astrophysicist Fred Espenak, an expert on eclipse prediction, commented on the NASA Eclipse website. "Good weather is the key to successful eclipse viewing. Better to see a shorter eclipse from a clear sky than a longer eclipse under clouds."

A solar eclipse always occurs about two weeks before or after a lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into Earth's shadow. Lunar eclipses are visible from about half of Earth's surface.

There's a second solar eclipse on December 14, 2020, over South America. Because the Moon will be closer to Earth, it will block on the Sun's light entirely.


Sources:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_June_21,_2020
• https://www.space.com/ring-of-fire-solar-eclipse-2020-explained.html
• https://www.dailysabah.com/life/environment/ring-of-fire-rare-solar-eclipse-to-dim-skies-over-africa-asia

The Moon Vanished 900 Years Ago, Why?

When the Sun goes down, the Moon appears up. At least it regularly does. But what it stays like that for days?

Something quite so strange transpired one night in May 1110, the moon appeared to disappear. The Anglo-Saxon Peterborough Chronicle recorded, 

“On the fifth night in the month of May appeared the moon shining bright in the evening, and afterwards by little and little its light diminished, so that, as soon as night came, it was so completely extinguished withal, that neither light, nor orb, nor anything at all of it was seen”. 

Even with the moon’s disappearance, the stars blazed brightly, so the skies were certainly clear of clouds that night.

Clouds weren't the problem; if they were, the scribe wouldn’t go in detail to how bright and twinkling the stars seemed while the moon faded from view. Nor was the moon being eclipsed by Earth's shadow; if it was, the skywatcher would have seen the orb become a coppery "blood moon," not an eerie blank spot in the sky.

When the sun goes down, the Moon appears up. At least it regularly does. Until science unveiled the Earth’s rotation, many ancient mythologies often described this rare occurrence as some kind of solar chariot crossing the sky from dawn to twilight, with a lunar chariot taking off when it went into darkness. Something that is just this expected regularly goes by secret until it doesn’t happen. The scarcity of the moon that night was terrifying, and apparently triggered everything from unfortunate weather to starvation across the planet. Now scientists reasonably understand why, volcanoes.

This remarkably exceptional phenomenon has occurred in severe teamwork from scientists in an effort to find a purpose. The team went through historical archives, counted tree rings and more.

A new study by researchers at the University of Geneva in Switzerland believes it's a combination of volcanic ash and sulfur as well as colder weather that led to the Moon disappearing from sight.

Their findings were published in Nature Scientific Reports.

The researchers imply that a “‘forgotten’ cluster of volcanic eruptions” from 1108 to 1110, probably from Japan’s destructive Mount Asama, dumped a “dust veil” over Europe, which created the shadowy eclipse.

The crew searched over 130 sources from the 12th century for reports of the event, from England to France all the way to Japan. One of the longest and most detailed records comes from the Anglo-Saxon Peterborough Chronicle. It recalls,

“the moon shining bright in the evening, and afterwards by little and little its light diminished, so that, as soon as night came, it was so completely extinguished withal, that neither light, nor orb, nor anything at all of it was seen. And so it continued nearly until day, and then appeared shining full and bright.”

Now, here’s what’s really clever, and makes this report even more fascinating. The rings of the trees in England symbolised that the year 1109 was cold and rainy, (the year before the moon’s disappearance). This rain and coolness can be an outcome effect of global volcanos releasing dust and ash into the sky. If volcano eruptions cause lunar eclipses, and the ring trees suggested a recent eruption in 1109, it might just be case closed for that puzzling night in English, 1110.

Sources:

• https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/volcanic-eruptions-that-made-the-moon-disappear-bhq7cl9b6
• https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-moon-suddenly-vanished-900-years-ago
• https://www.livescience.com/disappearing-moon-caused-by-forgotten-volcano.html
• https://happymag.tv/900-years-ago-the-moon-vanished-now-we-know-why/
• https://interestingengineering.com/the-moon-vanished-in-1110-scientists-may-now-know-why
• https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xg88yw/the-moon-mysteriously-disappeared-900-years-ago-and-scientists-think-they-know-why

Is it a Sea or What?

Welcome to another post on my blog. In today's post, we are looking at a sea in the moon? A Sea in the Moon? To know more information, scroll down.

15 September 2019

Sea of Tranquillity or Mare Tranquilitatis, the landing of Apollo 11 which gave its first walk on the moon. Are you serious, walk? In the Sea of Tranquillity? Well, the Sea of Tranquillity is not a sea, so Neil Armstrong didn’t walk in water, actually, there isn’t a single sea on the Moon. Early astronomers mistook them as actual seas.

The Sea of Tranquillity was once thought to be an ocean. It appears dark when viewed from Earth, smooth and relatively flat.

The actual landing site of Apollo 11 is named as Satatio Tranquillitatis or Tranquility Base. 

References:

• Sea of Tranquility - Universe Today
• How did the Sea of Tranquillity get its name? - Quora
• Apollo 11 Landing Site | National Air and Space Museum
• Lunar mare - Wikipedia

Insurance Declined!

Welcome to another post on my blog. In today's post, we are going to look about an Insurance Declined. What? For more information scroll down.

14 September 2019

Have you had insurance declined? But have you heard about Life Insurance in space? If you want to go to space, would you get an insurance, of course, you would. But if your insurance gets declined, how would you feel? Sad, frustrated, angry or mad, right? 

This story had happened to astronauts from Apollo 11. Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins, got their insurance declined, but they still went to the moon. NASA didn’t have any special life insurance for its astronauts.

Neil Armstrong was famous, with the Apollo 11 crew. At that time, everyone wanted their autographs. Apollo 11 crew astronauts had been signing autographs since the day that they were announced as astronauts. They had been signing what they called “insurance covers”, which were small white postcards. They would wait until the launch date before signing and mailing the cards to their family, friends and their loved ones.

Fortunately, their creative insurance was never needed. Their mission was a success.

References:

• https://www.insurewithpetra.com/blog/apollo-11-who-insured-the-astronauts/
• https://listverse.com/2017/02/17/10-dirty-little-secrets-from-nasa/
• https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/apollo-insurance-covers-collectibles

It's Live!!

Welcome to another post on my blog. I am in my house watching the Chandrayaan 2 launch. It is a spacecraft going to launch in India. The spacecraft is going to the south pole of the moon. It is a historic moment because no country has been to the moon's south pole. Here is a live video of the launch.

If you are watching after the launch. It might look long.

Want to see the launch? What is it about?

Chandrayaan 2 Night View at the Second Launch-Pad
Credit: https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/galleries/Chandrayaan-2%20Mission%20Gallery/psk2826.jpg

Welcome to another post on my blog. You will be thinking, what is this post about. Well, today, 'Chandrayaan 2' will be launching at 8:43 PM New Zealand Standard Time or (2:43 PM Indian Standard Time) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. Let's know some facts and information about the rocket before we carry on.

• Launch Time & Date: 22 July 2019, 8:43 PM (New Zealand Standard Time)
• Launch Location: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
• Launch Vehicle: GSLV MK-III (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III)
• Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch-Pad
• Landing Site: Lunar South Pole
• Manufacturer: ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
• Mission Type: Lunar orbiter, lander, rover
• Mission Duration: 
• Orbiter: 1 year
• Vikram lander: <15 days
• Pragyan rover: <15 days
• Chandrayaan 2 is going to launch to study the Moon and its south pole.

Pragyan Rover going on the ramp
Credit: https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/galleries/

On 15th July 2019, Chandrayaan was scheduled to launch at 2:51 PM (Indian Standard Time), was called off (was not going to happen) due to 'technical snag'. It was noticed around one hour before launch. The launch was postponed to the 22nd July 2019 at 2:43 PM (Indian Standard Time) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. 

Chandrayaan 2 is readying for launch. Just after a few hours, Chandrayaan 2 is going to launch. 

Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian lunar mission. That no country has ever gone to, the Moon's south pole. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is to develop the understanding of the Moon which will benefit India and the world about the Moon.

You might be thinking, why is India sending 'Chandrayaan 2' to the Moon?

The purpose of Chandrayaan 2 is that the Moon is the closest body which space discovery can be tried. Chandrayaan 2 attempts to increase the understanding of space. Also to soft-land on the moon and operate a robotic rover on the surface. The goals include the studies of mineralogy, lunar topography, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, the signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.

Because, when India launched Chandrayaan 1, they found out that there are water and ice on the south pole. They analyzed that it was water ice. 

In Chandrayaan 2, they want to understand deeper about the lunar water ice. The lunar south pole is interesting because it remains in a shadow that is larger than in the North Pole. There is a possibility of water in the shadowed areas. Additionally, the South Pole region has craters that are cold traps and has a fossil record of the early Solar System.

If there is water on the moon, can we live there?

Well, if we want to live on the moon, we have to live in caves. On Mars, we possibly live above-ground. 

There are a few reasons why Chandrayaan 2 is special

1. The first Indian expedition to attempt a soft landing on the lunar surface.
2. The first Indian mission to explore the moon's terrain.
3. The fourth country to soft-land on the moon.

Let's know about the rocket and the launcher.

Launcher and the Spacecraft

Launcher

GSLV MK-III, India's most powerful launcher. GSLV MK-III is also known as Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III. It is a three-stage vehicle, launching 4-ton (4,000kg) satellites to the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). The three components of the launcher are, S200 solid rocket boosters, L110 liquid stage, and the C25 upper stage.

Orbiter

The Orbiter will observe the moon's surface and the communication between the Earth and Vikram. The weight of the orbiter is 2,379 kg or 2.379 tons. The Electric Power Generation Capability of Vikram is 1,000 watts. The mission life for the Orbiter is 1 year in lunar orbit. At the time of the launch, Chandrayaan 2's orbiter (Vikram) will be capable of communicating with the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu with the Vikram Lander.


The Lander - Vikram





The lander of Chandrayaan 2 is named Vikram, after Dr Vikram A Sarabhai, the father of the Indian Space Programme. It is designed to function for one lunar day = 14 Earth days. Vikram can communicate with IDSN (Indian Deep Space Network) at Byalalu near Bangalore, with the Orbiter and the Rover. The lander is designed to perform a soft landing on the lunar surface.

The weight of the lander is 1,471 kg or 1.471 tons. The Electric Power Generation Capability is 650 watts. The mission life for the Lander is 1 year in lunar orbit.

The landing site of the moon is: High plain between two craters. Manzinus C and Simpelius N at a latitude about 70.9° South 22.7°.


The Rover - Pragyan

The Chandrayaan 2's rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan. Pragyan translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. (A classical Indian language for Hinduism, Buddism and Jainism). It can travel up to 500m (½ a kilometre). It can only communicate to the lander, Vikram. The weight of Pragyan is 27 kg and the Electric Power Generation Capability is 50 watts. The mission life for the Rover is 1 year in lunar orbit.



Timeline of the mission

18 September 2008 - Former Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh approves the Chandrayaan 2 mission.

22 July 2019 - Launch Date

7 September 2019 - Landing of the Moon

For 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days) - Scientific Experiment on the Moon.

Around for one year - Orbital Experiment



Mission Sequence

Phase	Period
Earth-bound Phase	Lift off: 22 JulyDay 1 to Day 23 (23 Days)
Trans Lunar Injection (TLI)	Day 23
Lunar Transfer Trajectory (LTT)	Day 23 to Day 30
Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI)	Day 30
Lunar Bound Phase (LBN)	Day 30 to Day 42 (13 days)
Lander-Orbiter Separation	Day 43
Deboosting	Day 44
Powered Descent Starts	Day 48
Landing	Day 48

I hope you like my post about Chandrayaan 2. Please watch live the Chandrayaan 2 launch. Have a cool day!! Bye!!

It's Here!

Yesterday, I posted about the lunar eclipse. At this time the moon has been covered by Earth's Umbra. I've been watching the moon change its shape. At 6:15 AM I woke up to see the lunar eclipse. That time the eclipse didn't start. After a few minutes, the moon changed a bit. The eclipse had started. Every few minutes the moon had changed.

Half an Hour later...

The moon had passed the halfway and it looked like a tongue. After passing halfway, Earth Umbra went slower, so it took more time to finish.

After 10 minutes...

The Final White Part at the South-West Part

The sun had risen and the moon was just about to disappear. There was the final white part at the south-west part.

Some seconds later...

The Earth's Umbra covered the moon in seconds. It was really fast and we all saw it. The moon had disappeared. The sun had risen. We tried to look around and we couldn't see the moon.

Comment down if you've watched the Lunar Eclipse!! I hope that you like my post about the Lunar Eclipse. Have a cool day!! Bye!!

We will be seeing it!

Today (Friday 27 July), will be the longest lunar eclipse of the century. The eclipse would be tomorrow (Saturday 28 July) for around Australia and New Zealand. The lunar eclipse will be visible for Eastern Africa, and Central Asia, seen rising over South America, Western Africa, and Europe, and setting over Eastern Asia, and Australia. This lunar eclipse is a Total Eclipse. On January 31, 2018, was the latest lunar eclipse. So here are Facts about the lunar eclipse. 

Facts:

1. It's the longest lunar eclipse of the century.
2. It's the second lunar eclipse of the year.
3. The eclipse is going on for 1 hour and 43 minutes. 
4. The eclipse is the 17th lunar eclipse since 2001.
5. Earth is further than the Sun called an Aphelion. (Link of my 'Why Don't We Feel Earth Orbiting' video)



A Micromoon Eclipse
Credit: timeanddate.com

6. It's A Micromoon Eclipse.

For New Zealand viewers: 

Christchurch: 

The eclipse will start at 6:24 AM. The maximum (when the eclipse reaches at the greatest magnitude while the entire moon is above the horizon) will be at 7:42 AM. The moon will set at 7:50 AM. The total eclipse will end at 9:13 am. 

Auckland: 

The eclipse will start at 6:24 AM. The maximum will be at 7:22 AM. The moon will set at 7:50 AM. The total eclipse will end at 9:13 am. 

Wellington:

The eclipse will start at 6:24 AM. The maximum will be at 7:32 AM. The moon will set at 7:35 AM. The total eclipse will end at 9:13 am.  

For Australia viewers: 

Melbourne:

The eclipse will start at 4:24 AM. The moon will set at 7:29 AM. The total eclipse will end at 9:13 am.

Sydney: 

Lunar Eclipse in 2015
Credit: https://www.forbes.com/ 

The eclipse will start at 4:24 AM. The maximum will be at 6:21 AM. The moon will set at 6:55 AM. The total eclipse will end at 7:13 am.

Brisbane: 

The eclipse will start at 4:24 AM. The maximum will be at 6:21 AM. The moon will set at 6:35 AM. The total eclipse will end at 7:13 am.

Adelaide: 

The eclipse will start at 3:54 AM. The maximum will be at 5:51 AM. The total eclipse will end at 6:43 am. The moon will set at 7:19 AM.

Perth: 

The eclipse will start at 2:24 AM. The maximum will be at 4:21 AM. The total eclipse will end at 5:13 AM. The moon will set at 7:17 AM.

After 8 hours and 13 minutes (9:00 PM), the Lunar Eclipse is going to Start!
I might be posting at 6:20 AM before the Lunar Eclipse starts! So stay tuned!

Comment down below if you are going to look at the Lunar Eclipse! I hope you like my post. Have a cool day!! Bye!!

Our Satellite

For today's post we are looking at our Moon. In this post there will be information about the moon, the phases of our moon. Comment down what you've learnt. Have a cool day!! Bye!!

Our moon is the satellite of our Earth. Our Moon is the brightest and largest object in the night sky. The Moon was named as the "Moon" because there wasn't any other moon discovered, that time. In 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered four moons or Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter. In Latin, our Moon was called Luna, which is our Moon-related: lunar.

Size and Distance

The size and distance of our Moon, with a radius of, 1,737.5 kilometres. Our Moon is less than a third of Earth. Did you know that the moon is far away than most people think, the moon is an average 384,400 km away from Earth. That means that there would be 30 Earth-sized planets between the Earth and the moon. If the Earth was a size of a nickel than the moon would be the size of a coffee bean. The moon is getting about 2.54 centimetres away from Earth every year.

How did the moon form?

The theory of the moon being formed is when a Mars-sized body crashed into Earth about 4.5 billion years ago.

The moon's core is smaller than other inner planets. The hard, iron-rich inner core is 240 km in radius.

Structure 

The surrounded liquid iron shell, 90 km thick. A partly molten layer with a thickness of 150 km, surrounds the iron core. The mantle expands from the top of the partly molten layer to the bottom of the moon's crust. It is more likely made of minerals like, olivine and pyroxene, which are made up of magnesium, iron, silicon with oxygen atoms.

Atmosphere

The moon's atmosphere is very thin and weak, called an exosphere. The atmosphere doesn't provide any protection from the sun's radiation or the impacts of meteoroids.

Missions

Left: Neil Armstrong
Center: Michael Collins
Right: Buzz Aldrin
Credits: wikipedia.com

Luna 1 spacecraft
Credits: wikipedia.com

The first seven missions were unsuccessful, there were four Pioneer spacecrafts, that had failed. But Luna 1, was the first moon flyby.

Luna 1 launched on January 2, 1959. The next Luna spacecraft, Luna 2 was fully successful. Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to impact the moon's surface. On September 14, 1959, Luna 2 reached to the moon by crashing the moon. Luna 3, had a flyby, it was successful, Luna 3 took the first pictures of the lunar farside. Most of the Luna spacecrafts had succeeded, but some had been unsuccessful. Luna 9 was the first lunar soft landing and the first picture from the lunar surface.

Surveyor 1 was the first U.S. moon landing and first U.S. photo from the lunar surface.

Apollo 8 was successful and was the first humans to orbit the moon. Apollo 11 was a famous knowing spacecraft because Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to land on the moon. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the only two to step on the moon.

What I've learnt?

• In Latin, the moon means lunar.
• Our moon is less than a third of our Earth.
• 30 Earth-sized planets could fit between the Earth and the moon.
• The moon is getting 2.54 centimetres away from Earth every year.
• Our moon formed 4.5 billion years ago.
• In our Moon, there are elements like olivine, pyroxene, magnesium, iron, silicon, and oxygen atoms.
• The atmosphere is very thin and weak, that is called an exosphere.
• The first seven moon missions had failed. Luna 1 was the first layby spacecraft to reach the moon. Luna 2 had reached the moon's surface. 

The Differences?

For today's post, we are looking at the differences between, comets, meteors, asteroids and meteorites. Our activity was to 'make a poster which explains the difference between comets, meteors, asteroids and meteorites'. In the slideshow, there are the posters that I had made. There is a lot of things to learn. In the end, there is what I have learnt about. Comment down below what you have learnt new about. Have a cool day!! Bye!!

What I have learnt?

• There are billions of comets orbiting the sun in the Kuiper Belt and even more in the Oort Belt.
• There are 3,520 known comets. I thought that there were less than 3,520 comets.
• Some comets are called sungrazers, they get so close that they crash to the sun or they brake up.
• There is a crater in Arizona, the Barringer Meteorite Crater that is 1 kilometre long.
• There are more than 50,000 meteorites have been found on Earth.
• 99.8 percent have been from asteroids, but the 0.2 percent of meteorites are from Mars and the moon.
• They are leftover rock from the early formation of the solar system.
• There are more than 150 asteroids are known to have a small partner moon.

Eclipses!

For today's post, we are looking at Eclipses. We are focusing on the two eclipses, Lunar Eclipse and Solar Eclipse. Well, there was a Solar Eclipse last year in America on 21 August 2017. I had posted a post about the Solar Eclipse. It was known as 'The Great American Eclipse". If you haven't seen the last post about the Car in Space, click here. In this post, I have learnt something new too. I learnt that there are four types of Solar Eclipses. If you have learnt something new comment down below. I hope you like my post about Eclipses. Have a cool day!! Bye!!