Difference Between the English and Māori Versions of the Treaty of Waitangi: Treaty of Waitangi | Social Studies

Welcome to another post. For Social Studies, we looked at the differences between the English and Māori versions of the Treaty of Waitangi and their differences. We were given a summary of the Treaty and had to find the differences between both versions.

The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi
Credit: Painting of the treaty signing by Marcus King, 1938 (Alexander Turnbull Library, G-821-2)
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/the-treaty-of-waitangi-is-signed

Treaty of Waitangi Māori and English Version

The Treaty of Waitangi - shown to British / everyone else	Te Tiriti o Waitangi - shown to Māori (English Translation)
Māori to give up complete sovereignty to Britain. This meant Māori came under complete control of the British government and laws.	Māori to give up governorship (Kāwanatanga). For Māori, this meant Queen Victoria became the sovereign of New Zealand. However, Māori chiefs still had control of their tribes.
Māori is guaranteed their ‘possession of their lands, estates, forests, fisheries, and other properties’.  The British crown has the pre-emptive right to buy Māori land that is offered for sale. That meant Māori could only sell to the British government.	Māori have full chieftainship (rangatiratanga) of their lands, villages and possessions and everything they treasure — language, culture, etc. If Māori wanted to sell their land, they had to first offer it to the British crown at an agreed price. If the British crown did not agree, land could then be sold to someone else.
Māori have the same rights as British subjects.	The British will protect Māori. Māori have the same rights as British subjects.

Differences between the British and Māori translations

In the British (English) version of the Treaty of Waitangi, it is said that Māori will give up complete sovereignty to Britain. However, in the Māori version, it is said that the Māori will only give up sovereignty, not complete sovereignty. Another difference is that in the English version, it is said that Māori is under the complete control of the British government, unlike the Māori version, where Queen Victoria became the sovereign of New Zealand and Māori chiefs still had control of their tribes. Māori thought that they can control their tribes, but they weren’t.

In the Māori version, taonga (treasured possession) and protection of language and culture are included, however, in the English version, it isn’t written. Another difference is that the British has the right to buy Māori land offered in sale, but in the Māori version, the Māori had to first offer it to the British crown, if they want to sell their land, with an agreed price; the land would be sold to someone else then if the British crown did not agree to the price.

In the Māori version of the Treaty, it was told that the British will protect Māori, but in the English version, it wasn’t written in the treaty.

In my opinion, I think the Treaty is different because the British want to be superior over Māori and gain profits out of the Treaty, meaning Māori will get less in return.

Declaration of Independence: Treaty of Waitangi | Social Studies

Welcome to another post. Today, in Social Studies, we looked at the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand, which also links in with the Treaty of Waitangi. We had to watch a video, and had to answer some questions relating from the video.

Declaration of Independence

• What does declare mean?

To announce, to say it aloud.

• What does independent mean?

Free from control, to not rely on someone else, and not in anyone’s authority. 

• Which country did Aotearoa begin trading with? Why not other countries?

The French and other countries tried to trade and didn’t go well. It was the British that Māori traded with successfully and peacefully.

• What is the Treaty of Waitangi?

A Treaty of Waitangi was signed on 6 February 1840 between the representatives of the British Crown and the Māori chiefs in Waitangi. It takes the name from the place where it was first signed. The main purpose of this treaty was to protect the Māori culture and enable Māori to continue living in New Zealand as Māori. Simultaneously, the Treaty gave the Crown the right to govern the nation and represent the interests of all New Zealanders. This treaty included the 3 principles of partnership, participation, and protection.  

However, after the signing of the treaty, the land was lost through a combination of private and Government purchases, outright confiscation, and Native Land Court practices that made it difficult for Māori to maintain their land under traditional ownership structures. Also, there were purchases of Māori land prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

• What is the Declaration of Independence?

The declaration of independence was signed in 1835 by 35 Rangatira (Māori leaders) and four British residents. It proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand before the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

Māori Values: Treaty of Waitangi | Social Studies

Welcome to another post. Around two weeks ago, in Social Studies, we looked at Māori values in the new topic: Treaty of Waitangi and had to write down (in our own words), what is Mana, Tapu and Utu. 

What is Mana?

Mana often referred to as (social) status, is when a person, with mana, had a presence. Rangatira (chiefs) in particular, recognised the need to keep their mana as high as possible.

Mana is influenced by the behaviour of people and groups and was found through achievements and successes. Māori defended their mana in everyday matter and tried to enhance their mana whenever possible.

The control over European traders (and after 1814 missionaries) became a phase of pursuit of mana. Rivals were not allowed to reap the advantages of access to these new arrivals without a challenge.

What is Tapu?

The life of a Māori has been restricted by the placing of tapu on people and places. It is controlled by how people behave towards each other and the environment; this has been protecting people and the natural environment.

Something that is disrespectful - sitting on tables

What is Utu?

Utu, or referred to as ‘revenge’, has a broader meaning: the preservation of balance and harmony within society.

Utu is the form of gift exchange that established and maintained social connections and responsibility.

How could these values cause conflict with Europeans?

The idea of mana, tapu and utu were sources of both order and conflict with the Māori society.

The Boyd Incident: Treaty of Waitangi | Social Studies

Welcome to another post. For the past two lessons in Social Studies, we looked at the Boyd incident and answered some questions relating to the two perspective articles.

Full story: The Boyd incident - A frontier of chaos? 

Article 1:

December 1809.

Long story short: European people assaulted a Māori chief. In response, the Māori got revenge by attacking the European ship’s captain. (Utu - balance, revenge)

- Te Pahi (a Māori man who had been with the Europeans to Australia to set up trade) came to stop the violence and rescue the European people. Sadly, the European people blamed Te Pahi and killed him, too.

What are your thoughts? What do you wonder?

Not that many thoughts, but it is sad how Te Pahi was blamed without any reason when he was with the Europeans trading.

Article 2:

How the Boyd (name of the ship) Incident used to be told:

The Boyd was attacked in 1809 by a Māori tribe. The ship captain and crew were violently attacked.

Travel advisory

For some Europeans, the Boyd incident put New Zealand in the ‘avoid if at all possible’ category. A pamphlet circulating in Europe warned sailors off the ‘Cannibal Isles’ - ‘touch not that cursed shore lest you these Cannibals pursue’.

How was the story different (what’s missing)? Why do you think it was told this way?

This story is told from the European’s perspective, whereas the story told earlier was told from both Māori and European perspectives. Also, Te Pahi was missing from the story.

I think the Europeans told this story, showing the negative about the Māori, making them the villains, and not telling the whole story. The European story didn’t tell that the Europeans first attacked them first, and shows that the Māori attacked them without any reason.

Māori Gods and Deities: Treaty of Waitangi | Social Studies

Welcome to another post. In Social Studies, we moved on from World at War to a new topic: Treaty of Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Te Waitangi. A few lessons ago, we were looking at Māori gods and deities. One of the tasks given was to create a poster of one of the Māori deities given. 

Here is the poster I've created. 

What did Hitler actually say about Jews?: The Holocaust - World At War | Social Studies

Welcome to another post. For Social Studies, we learned about Hitler and what he said about Jews. First, we learned about Hitler's antipathy for the Jews by looking at two of his quotes. Later, we needed to summarise the quotes.

Quote 1.

“The Jews were responsible for bringing negroes into the Rhineland with the ultimate idea of bastardising (lowering the quality of) the white race which they hate and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jew might dominate.”

In this quote, Hitler is blaming the Jews for bringing in the negroes (an offensive word for a member of dark-skinned people native to Africa south of the Sahara) into Rhineland and how Jews are lowering its standards of Germany to gain dominance.

 

Quote 2.

“The Jewish youth lies in wait for hours on end...spying on the unsuspicious German girl he plans to seduce.....he wants to contaminate her blood and remove her from the bosom of her own people. The Jew hates the white race and wants to lower its cultural level so that the Jews might dominate.”

Hitler has said in this quote that, a Jewish take advantage on a German girl. Hitler also says that Jews hate the Germans and want tot gain dominance over them.

Hitler
Adapted from: Smithsonian Magazine

The Holocaust: What Happened - World At War | Social Studies

Welcome to another post. Last week, we looked more into the Holocaust by looking into the timeline on what happened during the Holocaust, how did it start, what occurred during that time and how did it end.

Events in the history of the Holocaust

9 November 1923 - Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler and the Nazi Party unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This event became known as the Beer Hall Putsch.

30 January 1933 - Hitler Appointed as Chancellor

Following inconclusive elections, President Hindenburg invited Hitler to become chancellor of Germany.

27 February 1933 - The Reichstag Fire

The Reichstag building in Berlin was set on fire. Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist, was taken into custody for the crime and later executed. The Nazi government exploited the fire and declared a state of emergency.

22 March 1933 - Dachau Is Established

The first Nazi concentration camp was established in Dachau. Until its liberation in 1945, more than 188,000 prisoners were incarcerated here, at least 28,00 of which died.

23 March 1933 - The Enabling Act is Passed

The Enabling Act was passed in the Reichstag, granting the government dictatorial powers for four years.

1 April 1933 - Boycott of Jewish Businesses

The Nazis carried out a boycott of Jewish-owned businesses and shops. This was the first mass action the regime took against the Jews of Germany.

7 April 1933 - The Law For The Restoration Of The Professional Civil Service

The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service banned Jews and dissidents from the Civil Service. As a result, Jewish teachers, professors, judges and other civil servants lost their jobs.

10 May 1933 - Book Burnings

University students publicly burned books that were considered ‘un-German’ or written by Jewish authors in Berlin. In the following days, similar burnings were held in several German cities.

14 July 1933 - The Sterilisation Law is Passed

The Sterilisation Law was passed, forcing compulsory sterilisation of disabled or mentally ill people. Approximately 400,000 people were sterilised as a result.

20 July 1933 - Concordat With The Vatican

The Roman Catholic Church signed a Concordat with the Nazi government. This made the Vatican the first state to officially recognise Nazi Germany.

4 October 1933 - The Editorshop Law Is Passed

The Editorshop Law was passed. This law imposed strict rules on what newspapers were allowed to publish. Non-’Aryans’ were banned from working in journalism.

26 January 1934 - The German-Polish Non-Aggression-Pact Is Agreed

Germany and Poland signed a 10-year non-aggression pact.

30 June 1934 - The Night Of The Long Knives

A purge of the SA leadership was ordered by Hitler, who falsely accused them on conspiring against the government. Over the course of three days, more than 150 people were murdered, including the SA Chief of Staff Ernst Röhm.

2 August 1934 - The Dealth of Hindenburg

The German President Paul von Hindenburg died. Following Hindenburg’s death, Hitler merged the positions of President and Chancellor.

1 May 1935 - Jehovah’s Witnesses Banned

The German government issued a ban on all organisations of the Jehovah’s Witnesses.

28 June 1935 - Revision Of Paragraph 175

Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code was revised to impose stricter penalities on any sexual contact between men, increasing the number of convictions by ten. Many of the convicted were taken to concentration camps.

15 September 1935 - The Nuremberg Laws Are Passed

At the annual party rally of the Nazis, Hitler announced the Nuremburg Laws. Thet consisted of two seperate laws, the first prohibited marriages and relationships between Jews and Germans; the second stripped Jews of their German citizenship

7 March 1936 - Reoccupation Of The Rhineland

The German army reoccupied the Rhineland. This action directly broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailes. 

25 October 1936 - Agreement On The Rome-Berlin Axis

The Rome-Berin Axis was agreed, with Germany and Italy informally promising to support each other in the event of war.

19 July 1937 - Exhibition Of ‘Degenerate Art’ Opens

The ‘Degenerate Art’ exhibition opened in Munich. In presented paintings, sculptures and books from Germany’s public galleries that were considered to be ‘un-German’ and therefore unacceptable.

12 March 1938 - German Invasion of Austria and Anschluss

The Germany Army invaded and annexed Austria. This became known as Anschluss. 

6 July 1938 - Evian Conference Takes Place

Representatives of 32 states and 24 voluntary organisations met in Evian, France, to discuss the international refugee problem.

17 August 1938 - New Compulsory Middle Name For Jews

A law was passed stating that all Jews in Germany were required to adopt a new middle name; ‘Israel’ for men and ‘Sara’ for women. The names had to be registered at the registry office and be used on all official documents.

5 October 1938 - Jewish Passports Are Stamped with A ‘J’

Passports of Jewish citizens began to be stamped with a large ‘J’ for Jew. This was implemented to prevent Jews from emigrating to Switzerland by pretending to be Christians.

10 October 1938 - The Sudetenland Is Annexed

Following the Munich Pact, the Sudetenland was occupied by the German ‘Wehrmacht’ and annexed by Germany.

9 November 1938 - November Pogrom - Kristallnacht

Throughout Germany and Austria, a pogrom was initiated by the Nazis. Synagogues were destroyed and Jewish shops were looted and ransacked. 91 Jews were killed and thousands of Jewish men were taken to concentration camps. This event became known as the November Pogrom or Kristallnacht.

12 November 1938 - The Exclusion Of Jews From Economy

A decree banning Jews from owning businesses and selling goods was issued.

15 March 1939 - Germany Invades Czechoslovakia

Nazi troops invaded Czechoslovakia and occupied Prague, breaking the Munich agreement which was agreed just six months prior.

1 September 1939 - Germany Invades Poland

German Forces invaded western Poland, breaching the non-aggression pact.

1 September 1939 - The Beginning Of Operation T-4

Hitler authorised the euthansia of adults as part of Operation T-4. The Nazis aimed to totally eliminate the disabled and mentally ill from the Third Reich. The order was actually signed in October 1939, but backdated to 1 September 1939 to suggest it was related to the war efforts.

3 September 1939 - Declaration Of War

Great Britain and France declared war on Germany.

10 May 1940 - Germany Invades France

The German army invaded France. After six months of battle, the French surrendered and signed an armistice with the Nazis.

3 October 1940 - France Introduces Antisemitic Legislation

The first antisemitic statue was passed by the government of Vichy France – the ‘Statut de Jufis’. It defined any person with three Jewish grandparents or, if the spouse is Jewish as well, two Jewish grandparents, as Jewish.

1 March 1941 - Auschwitz-Birkenau Constructed

The construction of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the second camp of Auschwitz, began. It soon became the most brutal and overcrowded of the camps at Auschwitz.

22 June 1941 - Germany Invades The Soviet Union

Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, breaking the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939.

23 September 1941 - Experimental Grassing At Auschwitz

The first experimental killings with gas took place at Auschwitz.

29 September 1941 - Killings At Babi Yar

The Nazis herded thousands of Jews from Kiev, in the occupied Ukraine, to the nearby ravine of Babi Yar. The Jews were forced to undress and hand over their valuables and then shot. Over the course of two days, 33,771 Jews were murdered.

8 December 1941 - Systematic Gassing Begins At Chelmno

Killing operations began in Chelmno, the first stationary facility using poison gas for mass murder.

11 December 1941 - Germany Declares War On The United States Of America

Following the United States declaration of war on Japan, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States.

20 January 1942 - The Wannsee Conference

Fifteen members of the German Civil Service and Nazi Party met the Wannsee Conference in Berlin. They discussed and agreed the measures needed to implement the ‘Final Solution’ – the complete annihilation of the European Jews. Image courtesy of David Allthorpe.

15 July 1942 - Deportation Of Jews From The Netherlands

The deportation of Amsterdam’s Jews from Westerbork transit camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau began.

23 October 1942 - El Alamein

The Allies attacked Nazi troops stationed near El Alamein in Egypt. By the 2 November 1942, the Nazi defenses were near breaking point. By 11 November, the battle was over, leaving the Allied troops victorious. The battle marked a turning point in the North African campaign, reviving the morale of the Allied troops following the failure of the Battle of France.

16 December 1942 - Transportation Of Sinti And Roma To Auschwitz

A decree was passed stating that all German Sinti and Roma were to be deported to Auschwitz and destroyed.

2 February 1943 - German Army Surrender At Stalingrad

The German Army surrendered to Soviet forces at Stalingrad, Russia, after 90,000 German soldiers had been encircled for several months. This was a key turning point in World War Two.

19 April 1943 - The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

The final liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto began. The Jews, armed with pistols and rifles, resisted the Nazis. In response, the Nazi burned down the ghetto and murdered all of its inhabitants. The uprising became a symbol of Jewish resistance.

2 August 1943 - Uprising At Treblinka

Prisoners in Treblinka rose up against the SS. They attacked guards and set buildings on fire. Around 300 prisoners managed to escape, but only 100 were not recaptured. All remaining prisoners were murdered.

17 January 1944 - Monte Cassino

The Battle of Monte Cassino took place from 17 January 1944 to 18 May 1944. It was a series of four offensives carried out by Allied troops in central Italy (who was a key ally of Germany) in an attempt to breakthrough the Winter Line and occupy Rome. On 18 May, Polish troops captured the Abbey at the top of Monte Cassino. The Battle of Monte Cassino was over.

10 April 1944 - The Auschwitz Protocols

Alfred Wetzler and Rudolf Vrba escaped from Auschwitz. They wrote a detailed eyewitness report on the camp and the fate of the Jews. The document was translated and passed on the West in May 1944.

15 May 1944 - Deportation Of Hungarian Jews

Following the German occupation of Hungary, the first deportations of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz began. Within the following two months, approximately 440,000 Hungarian Jews were deported.

6 June 1944 - D-Day

The Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy. The Battle of Normandy began, signalling the first phase of the liberation of Europe.

20 July 1944 - Attempted Assassination Of Hitler

A group of German military officers attempted to assassinate Hitler using a bomb in a briefcase. Hitler survived and the conspirators were executed.

7 October 1944 - Resistance In Auschwitz-Birkenau

Having learned that the SS planned to liquidate them, members of the Sonderkommando started an armed rebellion. They managed to blow up a crematorium with smugged gunpowder, but ultimately, the revolt was crushed.

18 January 1945 - Death March From Auschwitz

Due to the approaching Soviet Army, 58,000 prisoners of Auschwitz were forced on marches to the concentration and labour camps in central Germany. These marches became known as death marches. Image courtesy of USHMM.

27 January 1945 - Liberation Of Auschwitz

The Soviet Army liberated Auschwitz and freed the remaining 7,650 prisoners.

15 April 1945 - Liberation Of Bergen-Belsen

British forces liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

30 April 1945 - Hitler’s Suicide

Hitler commited suicide in his bunker in Berlin.

7 May 1945 - Germany Surrenders 

At 2.41pm, General Jodl and Admiral Friedeburg signed documents of unconditional surrender at Eisenhower’s headquarters. The following day was declared the Day of Victory in Europe by Churchill and Truman.

16 July 1945 - Potsdam Conference

At the Potsdam Conference, both Germany and Berlin were partitioned into four zones of occupation. A Soviet zone in the East, an American, a British and a French zone in the West.

9 August 1945 - Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima

The US army dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima at 8:15am. 80,000 people died immediately. Thousands more died of their injuries and radiation sickness.

15 August 1945 - End Of The Second World War

Following a second atomic bomb, Japan announced its surrender in a radio address by Emperor Hirohito. The government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on 2 September 1945, officially ending World War Two.

20 November 1945 - The Nuremberg Trials

The trials of 22 top-level Nazi war criminals began at Nuremberg. They were tried for crimes against humanity and war crimes by a court of Allied judges. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death.